تأثیر توسعۀ مالی اسلامی بر نابرابری درآمد در کشورهای منتخب: رویکرد پانل فضایی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران

2 استادیار گروه اقتصاد دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران

چکیده

افزایش نابرابری، بحث‌برانگیزترین مسألۀ روز کشورهای جهان است که دسترسی به منابع اقتصادی، ازجمله دلایل بارز این نابرابری است. برخی معتقدند که نابرابری ناشی از تلاش فردی و نمایانگر یک عامل سازنده در جامعه است. برخی دیگر استدلال می‌‌کنند که نابرابری از یک سیستم ناعادلانه به‌وجود می‌‌آید، که فقط چند قایق را در جریان جزر و مد بالا می‌‌برد و بنابراین، بازدارندۀ‌‌ سخت‌‌کوشی است. امروزه اهمیت توزیع درآمد در جوامع به‌حدی است که در بسیاری از مکاتب اقتصادی، یکی از اهداف اصلی دولت‌‌ها را تنظیم الگوی مناسب توزیع درآمد و تلاش در مسیر کاهش نابرابری درآمدی ذکر می‌‌کنند. توزیع عادلانۀ درآمد به‌عنوان یکی از شاخص‌‌های اصلی و مهم در توسعۀ اقتصادی مطرح می‌‌شود. در این‌راستا توسعۀ مالی یکی از کلیدهای بالقوۀ دست‌یابی به رشد بلندمدت اقتصادی است. مطالعات زیادی در این‌زمینه انجام گرفته است که همگی نشان می‌‌دهند توسعۀ مالی می‌‌تواند به‌عنوان یکی از سیاست‌‌های ارتقادهندۀ رشد اقتصادی مطرح باشد. رشد اقتصادی ناشی از توسعۀ مالی، درآمد متوسط را افزایش می‌‌دهد، اما نابرابری می‌‌تواند کاهش یا افزایش داشته باشد. در چند دهۀ اخیر نظام مالی اسلامی، به‌عنوان جایگزین مالی متعارف برای دست‌یابی به عملکرد منطبق‌بر شریعت در کشورهای اسلامی و راهکار توسعۀ مالی همراه با مالی متعارف در کشورهای غیراسلامی گسترش چشم‌‌گیری داشته است. خود موضوع اندازه‌‌گیری توسعۀ جامع صنعت مالی اسلامی، یک چالش است. بی‌تردید، انتخاب سنجه‌های مناسب ݣݣبه‌عنوان زیرمجموعه‌‌ها و ارتباط آن‌‌ها با ارزیابی توسعۀ مالی اسلامی مملو از قضاوت‌‌های ارزشی ذهنی و دادوستد منابع داده‌‌ای است که به‌راحتی قابل دسترسی هستند. در اینجا ضرورت وجود یک شاخص مستقیم برای سنجش توسعۀ مالی اسلامی مطرح می‌‌شود. در این پژوهش با استفاده از داده‌های سال‌های 2017-2013 برای 28 کشور (کشورهایی که براساس شاخص توسعۀ مالی اسلامی مورد استفاده، حداقل در یکی از ابعاد توسعۀ مالی اسلامی پیشرفت داشته‌اند) شامل 14 کشور با درآمد بالا و 14 کشور با درآمد متوسط و کشورهای کم‌درآمد، فرضیۀ کوزنتس و فرضیۀ منحنی مالی و فرضیۀ مالی کوزنتس؛ به‌صورت تجربی اثرگذاری توسعۀ مالی اسلامی بر نابرابری مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفته است. نتایج به‌دست آمده از مدل دوربین فضایی (SDM) بیانگر این است که نتایج برای دو گروه کشورها یکسان است و شاخص توسعۀ مالی اسلامی منجر به کاهش نابرابری درآمدی می‌شود. با وجوداین، از میان پنج جزء تشکیل‌دهندۀ این شاخص، تنها ضرایب منفی برای شاخص‌های دانش (KNI) و مسئولیت اجتماعی شرکت‌ها (CSR) معنادار است، درحالی‌که ابعاد مختلف توسعۀ مالی متعارف در نمونۀ کشورهای مورد مطالعه دارای اثرات متعارض و معنادار می‌باشد. علاوه‌براین، یافته‌های این مطالعه نشان می‌دهد که هیچ شواهد روشنی برای حمایت از پیشنهاد توسعۀ اقتصادی همراه با رشد مالی وجود ندارد که بتواند مشکل نابرابری درآمد را کاهش دهد. همچنین، یافته‌های پژوهش بیانگر آن است که تولید ناخالص داخلی سرانه، تورم و باز بودن تجارت باعث افزایش نابرابری درآمد گردیده؛ در مقابل، هزینه‌های مصرف نهایی دولت، جمعیت شهری و نسبت وابستگی سن، به کشورها کمک می‌کند تا نابرابری درآمدی را کاهش‌دهند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Impact of Islamic Financial Development on Income Inequality in Selected Countries: A Spatial Panel Data Approach

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maryam Setarehie 1
  • Davood Jafari Seresht 2
  • Somayeh Razzaghi 2
  • Mohsen Khezri 2
1 Ph.D. Student of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Social Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
2 Assistant Professor of Economics, Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Social Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
چکیده [English]

Income inequality has gained prominence by exacerbating the economic stability of both developed and developing countries over the past few decades. The intensity of this issue is non-trivial with economies witnessing failure in policies, indecorous economic governance, and the challenging economic ideologies. Impact of financial development on economic growth is an important channel in economic issues on which plenty of discussions and challenges have arisen. Financial development involves various dimensions of financial systems and markets. Islamic financial development (IFD) is one of these dimensions. This research investigates the impact of IFD on income inequality in 28 countries active in the IFD area, including 14 high-income and 14 middle-income and low-income countries, over 2013-2017 by considering the Kuznets curve hypothesis, financial curve hypothesis, and Kuznets financial hypothesis and through spatial econometrics technique. Results indicate that Islamic financial development (IFD) decreases income inequality. In addition, the findings of the study reveal that there is no clear-cut evidence to support the proposition of economic development along with financial growth, which would reduce the problem of income inequality. The results show that the GDP per capita, Inflation and Trade Openness increase the income inequality. In contrast, General government final consumption expenditure, urban population and age dependency ratio, help countries reduce income inequality.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Islamic Financial Development
  • Income Inequality
  • Kuznets Curve
  • Spatial Panel Data

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فصلنامه مطالعات اقتصادی کاربردی ایران
دوره 11، شماره 44
انگلیسی
اسفند 1401
صفحه 123-171

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