آزمون بیماری هزینه‌ای بامول در بخش آموزش ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه مدیریت، دانشکدۀ مدیریت، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران

2 دانشیار پژوهشکدۀ اقتصاد، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران

3 کارشناسی‌ارشد اقتصاد، پژوهشکدۀ اقتصاد، پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی، تهران، ایران

چکیده

در این پژوهش محرک‌های افزایش هزینه‌های آموزش عمومی ازجمله اثر «بیماری هزینۀ» بامول، تجزیه‌وتحلیل می‌شود. براساس نظریۀ بامول، حقوق پرداخت‌شده به معلمان می‌تواند به‌طور قابل‌توجهی افزایش هزینه‌های آموزش را توضیح دهد. بامول اقتصاد را به دو بخش پیشرو و غیرپیشرو تقسیم می‌کند. بخش پیشرو شامل آن بخش از فعالیت‌های اقتصادی می‌گردد که فنّاوری در آن به‌صورت ابداعات تبلور داشته و انباشت سرمایه در آن با فعال‌کردن صرفه‌های ناشی از مقیاس زمینۀ افزایش تولید سرانه را فراهم می‌نماید. در این بخش افزایش دستمزد‌ها متناسب با افزایش بهره‌وری است. درسوی مقابل نیز فعالیت‌‌هایی قراردارند که نقش انسان در آن‌ها پررنگ است و رشد بهره‌وری در آن‌ها تنها به‌صورت گاه‌گاه و اتفاقی روی می‌دهد. ازنظر بامول آموزش‌وپرورش در بخش غیرپیشرو جای می‌گیرند. در صنایع غیرپیشرو، نرخ دستمزد متناسب با نرخ بالاتر دستمزد در بخش پیشِ‌رو  برای حفظ کارگران باوجود رشد پایین بهره‌وری مشابه اثر (ساموئلسون-بالاسا) افزایش می‌یابد و باعث افزایش واحد هزینۀ خدمات در بخش غیرپیشرو می‌شود. این افزایش هزینه به افزایش قیمت اضافی در آموزش تبدیل می‌شود و ازآنجاکه تقاضا برای آموزش بی‌کشش است، این امر باعث افزایش مداوم هزینه‌های عمومی آموزش‌وپرورش می‌شود. مطالعۀ حاضر، مقالۀ رشد نامتوازن اقتصادکلان و بروز بحران در مناطق شهری بامول را مورد بازبینی قرارداده و افزایش هزینه‌ها در بخش آموزش ایران را با استفاده از مدل بامول و روش ARDL طی دورۀ (1360-1397) بررسی می‌کند. نتایج بلندمدت و کوتاه‌مدت نشان می‌دهد، نه‌تنها بیماری بامول وجود ندارد، بلکه فزونی دستمزد به بهره‌وری باعث کاهش هزینه‌های تولید در آن بخش‌شده و می‌تواند زمینۀ رونق در این بخش شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Testing of the Existence of Baumol Cost Disease in Public Education Expenditures in Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • Ezatollah Abbasian 1
  • Ebrahim Eltejaei 2
  • Sahar Jahanian 3
1 Associate Professor, Department of Public Sector Economics, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran (IHCS).
3 M.A. in Economics, Department of Economics, Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Tehran, Iran (IHCS).
چکیده [English]

This paper analyzes the incentives to increase the cost of public education, including the effect of the "cost sickness" scheme. According to the theory, the salary paid to teachers can explain the significant increase in tuition costs. Bamol divides the economy into two leading non-progressive parts. The leading sector includes the part of economic activities in which technology is crystallized as innovations and the accumulation of capital in it by activating economies of scale provides the basis for increasing per capita production. In this sector, the increase in wages is proportional to the increase in productivity. On the other hand, there are activities in which the human role is prominent and productivity growth occurs only occasionally and accidentally. In terms of education, they are located in the non-leading sector. In non-leading industries, the wage rate increases in proportion to the higher wage rate in the leading sector to retain workers despite the low productivity growth similar to the effect (Samuelson-Balasa) and increases the unit cost of services in the non-leading sector. This increase in cost translates into an additional increase in the cost of education, and because the demand for education is unbearable, it continues to increase the general cost of education. The present study reviews the article on unbalanced macroeconomic growth and crisis in urban areas of Bamol and examines the increase in costs in the Iranian education sector using the Bamol model and ARDL method during the period (1360-1397). Long-term and short-term results show that not only is there no sick disease, but also an increase in wages to productivity reduces production costs in that sector and can lead to prosperity in this sector.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Baumol cost Disease
  • Labor cost
  • Service sector
  • Public education
  • Productivity Growth

مراجع

باسخا، مهدی؛ یاوری، کاظم؛ صادقی، حسین؛ و ناصری، علیرضا، (1393).  «پیری جمعیت و تهدید بیماری هزینه‌ای بامول». فصلنامۀ مطالعات اقتصادی کاربردی ایران، سال 3، شمارۀ 9، صص: 169-187.
علمی، زهرامیلا؛ نیک‌بین، طاهره؛ و موتمنی، مانی، (1396). «بازدهی آموزش در ایران: کاربردی از کوهورت سنی و روش داده‌‌های شبه ‌پانلی». مطالعات اقتصادی کاربردی ایران، دورۀ 6، شمارۀ 22، صص: 145-170.
عمادزاده، مصطفی، (1382). اقتصاد آموزش و پرورش. اصفهان: جهاد دانشگاهی.
مهرآرا، محسن، (1387). اقتصاد سلامت. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
 
Agenor, P. R., (2006). Public Infrastructure and Growth: New Channels and Policy implications. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 4064.
Almei, Z. & Nikbin, T., motameni, M., (2017). The Return to Education in IRAN by Using Age Cohorts and Pseudo Panel Data Approach. Journal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran, No. 6(22), Pp: 145-170. (In Persian).
Andersen, T. T., (2015). Baumols Cost Disease and thesustainability of the Welfare state. Economic Policy Research Unit, University of Copenhagen, ISSN 908-7745.
Barro, R., (1990). “Government Spending in a Simple Model of Endogenous Growth”. Journal of Political Economy, No. 98(S5), Pp: 103-125.
Basakha, M., yavari, K., sadeghi, H., naseri, A. (2014). Aging and Cost Disease Bamols in Iranian Health Sector. Journal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran, No. 3(9), Pp: 169-187. (In Persian).
Bates, L. S., (2012). “Does the U.S. health care sector Suffer from Baumols cost Disease? Evidence from the 50 States”. Journal of Health Economics, No. 32, Pp: 386-391.
Baumol, W. B., (1965). On the Performing Arts: The Anatomy of Their Ecnomic Problems. The American Economic Review, Vol. 55.
Baumol, W. F., (2012). The Cost Disease: why computers Get cheaper and health Care doesnt. Yale University Pres.
Baumol, W. W., (2013). A Comparative analysis of education Costs and Outcomes: The united state vs. other OECD countries. Economic of Education Review, 39.
Baumol, W., (1993). Health Care, Education and cost Disease: A looming crisis for Public Choice. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Public choice, 70.
Baumol, W., (1996). “Children of Performings Arts, The Economic Dilemma: the climbing costs of health care and educatin”. Journal of Cultural Economics, Kluwer Publishers, No. 20, Pp: 183–206.
Becker, G., (1964). Human Capital. The National Bureau of Economic Research.
Bloom, D. K., (2018). “Health and Economic Growth”. Program on the Global Demography of aging at Harvard University Pgda Working Paper, No. 153, Pp: 1-37.
Borge, L. H., (2017). Cost disease in defense and Public administration: Baumol and politics. Springer Science.
Bradford, D., (1969). Balance on unbalanced Growth. Zeitschrift fur Nationaloknomic.
Chapman, B., (2003). Baumol disease: the pandamic that Never Was. Gippsland Medical School.
Chen, X. M., (2014). “Disease or utopia? Testing Baumol in Education”. Economics letters, Vol. 122, Issue 2, Pp: 220-223.
Colombier, C., (2017). Unwanted side effects of Baumol Cost Disease on balancedbudget rule. FIFO-institute for public Economics.
Cowen, T., (1996). “Why Do Not Believe in TheCost-Disease”. Journal of Cultural Economics, No. 20 (3), Pp: 207–214.
Cutler, D., (2011). Where are The Healthh Care Entrepreneurs? National Bureau of Economic Research.
Dalton, P., (2006). Handbook of Economics of Education. Volume 2. london: Department of Economics, Royal Holloway.
Emadzadeh, Mostafa, (1382). Economics of Education. Isfahan: University Jihad. (In Persian).
Engel, E. W., (2015). Fiscal Sustainability and cost Disease. Preliminary and Very Incomplete Version.
Filmer, D. H., (1998). “Health Policy in Poor Countries”. The World Bank Development Research Group Poverty and Human Resources, No. 1874.
Grossman, M., (1972). “On concept of Health Capital and the Demand for Health”. The Journal of Political Economy is currently, No. 80(2), Pp: 223–225.
Grossman, M., (1972). The Demand for Health: A theorical and Emprical investigation. National Bureau of Economic Research.
Group, W. B., (2017). Education Public Expenditure Review. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Hanushek, E. A., (1995). “Who choose to teach (and why?)”. Economic Education review, Vol. 14, No. 12 (June). Pp: 101-117.
Hartwig, J. H., (2017). The Growth Disease at 50 Baumol after Oulton. Chemnitz Economic Papers.
Hartwig, J., (2008). “What Drives health care expenditure? -Baumols model unbalanced Growth revisited”. Journal of Health Economics, No. 27(3), Pp: 603-623.
Helibrun, J., (2011). “Baumol Disese”. In: E. Elgar, Ahand book Cultural Economics, Second Edition.
Herrere, S., (2007). Public Expenditure and Growth. Policy Research Working Paper.
Iscan, T., (2009). “How much can Engel's law and Baumol's disease explain the rise of service employment in the United States”. The BE Journal of Macroeconomics, No. 10(1), Pp:1–41.
Joseph, N. H., (1977). “Medical-care Expenditure: A Cross-National Survay”. The Journal Human Resources, No. 12, Pp:115–125.
Last, A. W., (2010). “Baumol’s Cost-Disease, Efficiency, and Productivity in the Performing Arts: An Analysis of German Public Theaters”. Working Papr Series in Economics, No. 173.
Maksimović, G. J. (2017). “Mangement of health care Expenditure by Soft Computing methodology”. Physica A, Vol. 465, Pp: 370-373.
Meage, N. S., (2011). Wages, Productivity and Emolyment: A review of theory and international data. institute for employment Studies.
 Molina, E. F., (2018). “Teach Classroom Obsevation Tool”. Policy Research Working Paper, 8653.
Nordhaus, W., (2006). “Baumol Disese A Macroeconomic Perspective”. (NBER Working Paper 12218). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Nose, M., (2015). Estimation of Drivers of Public Education Expenditure: Baumol’s Effect Revisited. International Monetary Fund, WP/15/178.
Oulton, N., (1999). Must the Growth Rate Decline? Baumol Unbalanced Growth revisited. Bank of Enlandresearch programme the service sector.
Pesaran, H., (2001). “Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships”. Journal of Applied Econometrics, Volume 16, Issue 3 pp. 289-326.
Pomp, M. V., (2008). “Rising health spending, new medical technology and Baumol Effect”. CBC Discussion Paper, No. 115, 34 pages.
Selmaj, M., (1962). “Health as an Investment”. The Journal of Poltical Economy (University Chicago Press), Vol. 70, No. 5, Part 2, 414 pages.
Sidorkin, A., (2019). “Baumols Cost Diesease and Trinitarian Pedagogy”. Studis in Phiosophy Education, Vol. 38, No. 6, Pp: 591-600.
Siniscalco, M. T., (2004). Teacher Salaries. Paper commissioned for the EFA global Monitoring Report.
Strauss, J., (1998). “Health, Nutritian, and Economic Development”. Journal Economic Literature, Vol. XXX.VI, Pp: 766-817.
Syverson, C., (2010). What Determines Producivit. National Bureau of Economic Research, http://www.nber.org/papers/w15712.
Wouterse, B. H., (2013). “Modeling the relationship between health and health care expenditures using a latent Markov model”. Journal of Health Economics, vol. 32(2), Pp: 423-439.
Yang, X., (2020). “Health expenditure, human capital, and economic growth:an empirical study of developing countries”. International Journal of Health Economics and Management, No. 20(2), Pp:163-176.
فصلنامه مطالعات اقتصادی کاربردی ایران
دوره 11، شماره 41
خرداد 1401
صفحه 203-231

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار