bu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723Optimal Income Tax Rate With and Without Environmental ConsiderationsOptimal Income Tax Rate With and Without Environmental Considerations1251115FAEbrahimHadiyanAliOstadzad0000-0002-2411-8340Journal Article20140723purpose of this paper is to estimate the optimal rate of income tax with and without environmental considerations using an endogenous growth model for Iranian economy. For this purpose, first, a three-part generalized growth model consists of households, firms and the government have been developed. After extended the model and determine the optimal income tax rates, the model calibrate for Iranian economy and the optimal tax rates are calculated in different scenarios. Results of calibrated model show that optimal income tax rate with the pollution and environmental considerations is 22.2 percent and regardless of environmental considerations is 20.5 percent. As well as the optimal tax rate will be affected by changes in economic growth rates, interest rates, government oil revenues and pollution function parameters. Sensitivity analysis indicats that in order to remain at steady state<br /> If the government oil revenues decrease, the optimal rate of income tax should be increasedpurpose of this paper is to estimate the optimal rate of income tax with and without environmental considerations using an endogenous growth model for Iranian economy. For this purpose, first, a three-part generalized growth model consists of households, firms and the government have been developed. After extended the model and determine the optimal income tax rates, the model calibrate for Iranian economy and the optimal tax rates are calculated in different scenarios. Results of calibrated model show that optimal income tax rate with the pollution and environmental considerations is 22.2 percent and regardless of environmental considerations is 20.5 percent. As well as the optimal tax rate will be affected by changes in economic growth rates, interest rates, government oil revenues and pollution function parameters. Sensitivity analysis indicats that in order to remain at steady state<br /> If the government oil revenues decrease, the optimal rate of income tax should be increasedhttps://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1115_e19347e1c3ca0c0b97de5fb3b690855a.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723Tabriz Efficient Allocation of Municipal Budgetting with Emphasis on Development Costs
(Centralized Data Envelopment Analysis Method)Tabriz Efficient Allocation of Municipal Budgetting with Emphasis on Development Costs
(Centralized Data Envelopment Analysis Method)27481116FANemat AllahAkbariMajidEsmailianMasomehGhorbaniJournal Article20150221Municipalities are responsible for leading the development and prosperity of the city , but in performing of this important task and more to do it, municipalities is facing with the many problems that one of them is financial problems and lack of capital. In this study, a new view to promote development and prosperity of the city to the problem has been dealt with . In this study, the analysis is the efficient allocation of budget by the central municipality has been paid.<br />This study based on the target is application and based on the method is descriptive and caual.. The models used to study the question of this study focused on data envelopment analysis model . In this study, CDEA technique was used in order to achieve the goal. For this, the cross section data of 10 performanse regions of Tabriz municipality were used for 2013.<br />The results show with the efficient allocation of funds among the ten administrative regions of Tabriz municipality , it is predicted the cost of development and prosperity of the city at a rate of 7% will increase . The budget allocation is such that the central municipality , the budget of 2 , 5 , 6 and 10 decrease and the budget of 3 , 4 and 8 increase.Municipalities are responsible for leading the development and prosperity of the city , but in performing of this important task and more to do it, municipalities is facing with the many problems that one of them is financial problems and lack of capital. In this study, a new view to promote development and prosperity of the city to the problem has been dealt with . In this study, the analysis is the efficient allocation of budget by the central municipality has been paid.<br />This study based on the target is application and based on the method is descriptive and caual.. The models used to study the question of this study focused on data envelopment analysis model . In this study, CDEA technique was used in order to achieve the goal. For this, the cross section data of 10 performanse regions of Tabriz municipality were used for 2013.<br />The results show with the efficient allocation of funds among the ten administrative regions of Tabriz municipality , it is predicted the cost of development and prosperity of the city at a rate of 7% will increase . The budget allocation is such that the central municipality , the budget of 2 , 5 , 6 and 10 decrease and the budget of 3 , 4 and 8 increase.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1116_dd77279f7d325eec933f05b1672f6a1f.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723land leverage and housing price volatility in Iranland leverage and housing price volatility in Iran49671117FAAli AkbarGholizadehBaharehAghighiJournal Article20130724Some studies define housing as a single good, while it is a bundle of land and improvements that the effect of each component in the determination of prices and services that are produced and changes over time and across locations is different. Land leverage as the ratio of land value to total value of housing is important to make clear key role of land and location among the vector of dwelling characteristic. According to the land leverage hypothesis, house price appreciation and house price volatility are directly related to land leverage. In this study using the land leverage hypothesis estimated the housing prices volatility, using the ARDL method with through the quarterly data of urban areas of IRAN during the period 1371-1392. The main feature of this study is identifying the model based on the concept of "land leverage". The results of Estimation show the importance of taking land leverage with the fundamental factors in the housing price equation. Also based on the results of the research, Land leverage is negatively related real construction costs variable. Based on the results presented, Changes in land leverage affected by changes in population, real construction costs and interest rate.Some studies define housing as a single good, while it is a bundle of land and improvements that the effect of each component in the determination of prices and services that are produced and changes over time and across locations is different. Land leverage as the ratio of land value to total value of housing is important to make clear key role of land and location among the vector of dwelling characteristic. According to the land leverage hypothesis, house price appreciation and house price volatility are directly related to land leverage. In this study using the land leverage hypothesis estimated the housing prices volatility, using the ARDL method with through the quarterly data of urban areas of IRAN during the period 1371-1392. The main feature of this study is identifying the model based on the concept of "land leverage". The results of Estimation show the importance of taking land leverage with the fundamental factors in the housing price equation. Also based on the results of the research, Land leverage is negatively related real construction costs variable. Based on the results presented, Changes in land leverage affected by changes in population, real construction costs and interest rate.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1117_0eec27c419d0fe24e53c90338cdc8bc6.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723A Study of the Effect of Population Growth on Per Capita GDP in Iran Using an ARDL AppraochA Study of the Effect of Population Growth on Per Capita GDP in Iran Using an ARDL Appraoch69871118FAAhmadAsadzadehSaberKhodaverdizadehKarimBeheshtiAdelShomaliJournal Article20141126The Population and its Related Properties, Is The Foundation and Cornerstone of any Planning and Policy. Economic Growth of any Society is a Sign of Welfare. Among the Most Important Factors that Influence the Economic Welfare of the Country Population. Therefore, the Present Study Sought to Examine and Analyze the Impact of Population on GDP Per Capita in The Country in The Period 1360-1390 using Iterative Methods Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) .The Results Show That the Coefficients of The Variables That Affect all Economic Theories and Models in Accordance With The Long-Term Fertility Rate Significantly Positive Effect on The Welfare State. Also Coefficient of Error Correction Shows That in Every Year about 53 Percent of The Lack of Balance Short Term for Long Term Access to Balance Adjustment.The Population and its Related Properties, Is The Foundation and Cornerstone of any Planning and Policy. Economic Growth of any Society is a Sign of Welfare. Among the Most Important Factors that Influence the Economic Welfare of the Country Population. Therefore, the Present Study Sought to Examine and Analyze the Impact of Population on GDP Per Capita in The Country in The Period 1360-1390 using Iterative Methods Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) .The Results Show That the Coefficients of The Variables That Affect all Economic Theories and Models in Accordance With The Long-Term Fertility Rate Significantly Positive Effect on The Welfare State. Also Coefficient of Error Correction Shows That in Every Year about 53 Percent of The Lack of Balance Short Term for Long Term Access to Balance Adjustment.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1118_c60d060b946d6dd6145dcbad5c4ccf6f.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723Measuring Nonlinear Poverty trap In Consumption Expenditures Dynamics Generation Of Men In IranMeasuring Nonlinear Poverty trap In Consumption Expenditures Dynamics Generation Of Men In Iran891121119FAHosseinRaghfarMir HosseinMousaviBatolAzari BaniJournal Article20140728One of the main issues in the economy is the problem of poverty in the society. The problem of poverty is still considered among the pressing issues of human societies, which can be transmitted from one cohort to the other and leading to the formation of poverty traps in the society if not utilize the appropriate method. Poverty trap is an invigorating process by creating a vicious cycle in the economy leads to poverty. This article tries to study probability poverty trap in generation of men. For examine this phenomenon is designed type data pattern Pseudo-panel data using data of Household Survey Data collected by Iran Statistical Center from 1988 till 2011. This method enables us to track the performance of each cohort over time. Results indicate average values consumption expenditure in age is always above poverty line; however that man generation generations have not been into the trap of poverty. Also, even though none of the households is not within the poverty trap but differences consumption between low-income households with household is increasing.One of the main issues in the economy is the problem of poverty in the society. The problem of poverty is still considered among the pressing issues of human societies, which can be transmitted from one cohort to the other and leading to the formation of poverty traps in the society if not utilize the appropriate method. Poverty trap is an invigorating process by creating a vicious cycle in the economy leads to poverty. This article tries to study probability poverty trap in generation of men. For examine this phenomenon is designed type data pattern Pseudo-panel data using data of Household Survey Data collected by Iran Statistical Center from 1988 till 2011. This method enables us to track the performance of each cohort over time. Results indicate average values consumption expenditure in age is always above poverty line; however that man generation generations have not been into the trap of poverty. Also, even though none of the households is not within the poverty trap but differences consumption between low-income households with household is increasing.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1119_8597a6cfa74defcbde3047c891d78f90.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723Application of Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) in Evaluation of Competitiveness and Readiness for WTO Accession of Iran's Food Industries: Case Study of Company in Dairy IndustriesApplication of Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) in Evaluation of Competitiveness and Readiness for WTO Accession of Iran's Food Industries: Case Study of Company in Dairy Industries1131391120FAYahyaFathiMohammadKhodaverdizadeh0009-0000-4641-4004MohammadKavosiJournal Article20140909While export comparative advantage and potential abilities of national firms (in particular food industries) have been approved in miscellaneous studies, their confrontation of circumstances concerning WTO accession is considered as one of the most important challenges of Iran’s economy. The paper aims at presenting a model for assessment and measurement of firms’ competitiveness and level of readiness for WTO accession based on Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). This method provides the possibility of evaluation and analysis of accurate indices for assessing and analyzing advantage and competitiveness of each firm’s products separately by means of each firm’s most valid information. Six product Company of the dairy products industry were evaluated because Providing voluntary of financial and accounting information. The results showed that according to DRC and SCB indices, except Pasteurized High Fat 946 cc Milk, all products of Company have comparative advantage. Values for UCx index for the aforementioned 6 products reveal that all products of Company (except Breakfast Cream) are competitive (in terms of cost) in international markets. In addition, results for NPCI and NPCO indices show that producers of these products pay indirect taxes someway.While export comparative advantage and potential abilities of national firms (in particular food industries) have been approved in miscellaneous studies, their confrontation of circumstances concerning WTO accession is considered as one of the most important challenges of Iran’s economy. The paper aims at presenting a model for assessment and measurement of firms’ competitiveness and level of readiness for WTO accession based on Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). This method provides the possibility of evaluation and analysis of accurate indices for assessing and analyzing advantage and competitiveness of each firm’s products separately by means of each firm’s most valid information. Six product Company of the dairy products industry were evaluated because Providing voluntary of financial and accounting information. The results showed that according to DRC and SCB indices, except Pasteurized High Fat 946 cc Milk, all products of Company have comparative advantage. Values for UCx index for the aforementioned 6 products reveal that all products of Company (except Breakfast Cream) are competitive (in terms of cost) in international markets. In addition, results for NPCI and NPCO indices show that producers of these products pay indirect taxes someway.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1120_c6036a69be21cb660499b75718a3ef24.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723Leviathan Hypothesis Testing for the Iranian Economy by Using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM)Leviathan Hypothesis Testing for the Iranian Economy by Using Generalized Method of Moments (GMM)1411661121FAMohammadAlizadeh0000-0003-0026-9619AbolghasemGolkhandanJournal Article20140112According to the Brennan and Buchanan theory (1980), entitled Leviathan Hypothesis, fiscal decentralization can reduce the government size. In this context, this paper tries to reviewed the relationship between fiscal decentralization (from two perspectives: expenditure financial decentralization and revenue financial decentralization) and government size (from three perspectives: provincial (sub national) government, national government and aggregate governments) by using statistical and economic information for 30 provinces of Iran during the period 1996-2009. To the purposes have been used also of the control variables: GDP per capita, inflation and population growth rate. Finding this paper in dynamic panel models and by using generalized method of moments (GMM) shows that the effect of expenditure fiscal decentralization on the provincial, national and aggregate government size is respectively positive, meaningless and positive and effect of revenue fiscal decentralization on the provincial, national and aggregate government size is respectively positive, negative and positive. Also, estimation results the control variables of parameter indicate a positive and significant influence on the government size of GDP per capita (verified Wagner’s law in Iranian economy), inflation and population growth rate.According to the Brennan and Buchanan theory (1980), entitled Leviathan Hypothesis, fiscal decentralization can reduce the government size. In this context, this paper tries to reviewed the relationship between fiscal decentralization (from two perspectives: expenditure financial decentralization and revenue financial decentralization) and government size (from three perspectives: provincial (sub national) government, national government and aggregate governments) by using statistical and economic information for 30 provinces of Iran during the period 1996-2009. To the purposes have been used also of the control variables: GDP per capita, inflation and population growth rate. Finding this paper in dynamic panel models and by using generalized method of moments (GMM) shows that the effect of expenditure fiscal decentralization on the provincial, national and aggregate government size is respectively positive, meaningless and positive and effect of revenue fiscal decentralization on the provincial, national and aggregate government size is respectively positive, negative and positive. Also, estimation results the control variables of parameter indicate a positive and significant influence on the government size of GDP per capita (verified Wagner’s law in Iranian economy), inflation and population growth rate.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1121_3a15c7d0bbe60300a39f76f8a5ba6896.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723Economic analysis of costs in high speed railway at different speeds to implement the optimal speed in IranEconomic analysis of costs in high speed railway at different speeds to implement the optimal speed in Iran1671921122FAZahraAli MoradiAbdolhamidEshraghMeysamNaeimiHossein AminSadrabadiJournal Article20140828The present research establishes an economic-based analysis to distinguish the relationship between the operating speed and overall costs of the high speed railway (HSR) system. In order to implement the HSR system, determining the optimum operating speed is a challenging issue from the economic point of view. This research seeks to determine the influence of speed on the effectiveness and profitability of the HSR, by identifying the influential parameters and their possible effects on economic evaluations. Due to the availability of speed information and operational data in the European HSR network, the scattered data of the entire HSR network in the Europe are collected as a case study. Then, average operating speeds of the trains are calculated based on train specifications, distance, wasted time and travel time. Afterwards, operation costs associated with different speeds are estimated, taking into account the duration time of projects and the real-time value of costs. The research is eventually led to an optimum speed of 250 km/h, based on results obtained in the chosen case study.The present research establishes an economic-based analysis to distinguish the relationship between the operating speed and overall costs of the high speed railway (HSR) system. In order to implement the HSR system, determining the optimum operating speed is a challenging issue from the economic point of view. This research seeks to determine the influence of speed on the effectiveness and profitability of the HSR, by identifying the influential parameters and their possible effects on economic evaluations. Due to the availability of speed information and operational data in the European HSR network, the scattered data of the entire HSR network in the Europe are collected as a case study. Then, average operating speeds of the trains are calculated based on train specifications, distance, wasted time and travel time. Afterwards, operation costs associated with different speeds are estimated, taking into account the duration time of projects and the real-time value of costs. The research is eventually led to an optimum speed of 250 km/h, based on results obtained in the chosen case study.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1122_3b712de48137572f3849aabd5666a4e3.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723An Analysis of cost function two-product firm: Case Study Water and Wastewater Company Markazi ProvinceAn Analysis of cost function two-product firm: Case Study Water and Wastewater Company Markazi Province1932171123FAMahdiKhodaparast Mashhad0000-0003-2670-8720MohammadhasanFotros0000-0001-6859-5854BahramFathiIAU- shariar branch0000-0003-1796-9742Journal Article20141111The main purpose of this paper is examination of elasticity partial replacement and price elasticity, also investigation Economies of Scale and Return to Scale in Markazi province water and Wastewater Company. This is the reason translog cost function is used to estimate the cost function of the water supply in this company. The framework of analysis is in accordance to the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) technique. To estimate the parameters of the cost function we have used the panel data for the period of 2006-2011 has been used. The results of the study show that labor force and capital are replaced. Elasticity of demand for labor force input is greater than elasticity of demand capital input. In addition, non-household water distribution in other industrial towns has economy of scale in Markazi province, in the other towns (non-industrial), there is no economy of scale to distribute non-household water.The main purpose of this paper is examination of elasticity partial replacement and price elasticity, also investigation Economies of Scale and Return to Scale in Markazi province water and Wastewater Company. This is the reason translog cost function is used to estimate the cost function of the water supply in this company. The framework of analysis is in accordance to the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) technique. To estimate the parameters of the cost function we have used the panel data for the period of 2006-2011 has been used. The results of the study show that labor force and capital are replaced. Elasticity of demand for labor force input is greater than elasticity of demand capital input. In addition, non-household water distribution in other industrial towns has economy of scale in Markazi province, in the other towns (non-industrial), there is no economy of scale to distribute non-household water.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1123_2cfd4560539f887a5e420412b370b361.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723The role of fiscal discipline and National Development Fund in reducing Dutch disease effects in the Iranian economyThe role of fiscal discipline and National Development Fund in reducing Dutch disease effects in the Iranian economy2192431124FAFarhadRahbar0000-0002-4991-9312EhsanSalimiJournal Article20140820This paper analyzes the effects of oil shocks on macroeconomic performance and the occurrence of Dutch Disease in Iran. Using Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) approach, an open small economy including two production sectors of tradable and non-tradable is modeled. Parameters of this model are estimated by Bayesian method and using quarterly data of period 1367-1389. In order to investigate Dutch Disease phenomenon in Iran, the effects of an oil shock on macroeconomic variables are studied. The simulation results show the symptoms of Dutch Disease due to an oil shock, such as high and persistent inflation, non-tradable sector expansion, and real exchange rate appreciation. Then, in the next step, the effect of decreasing government share of oil revenues and transferring it to National Development Fund on reducing negative effects of an oil shock is investigated. The results indicate that it can cause a reduction in inflation and its persistence and also in the symptoms of Dutch Disease.This paper analyzes the effects of oil shocks on macroeconomic performance and the occurrence of Dutch Disease in Iran. Using Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) approach, an open small economy including two production sectors of tradable and non-tradable is modeled. Parameters of this model are estimated by Bayesian method and using quarterly data of period 1367-1389. In order to investigate Dutch Disease phenomenon in Iran, the effects of an oil shock on macroeconomic variables are studied. The simulation results show the symptoms of Dutch Disease due to an oil shock, such as high and persistent inflation, non-tradable sector expansion, and real exchange rate appreciation. Then, in the next step, the effect of decreasing government share of oil revenues and transferring it to National Development Fund on reducing negative effects of an oil shock is investigated. The results indicate that it can cause a reduction in inflation and its persistence and also in the symptoms of Dutch Disease.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1124_c7635bfd99248a2cdef8249ef7bfbef4.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723Explain the relationship between economic freedom and security of Capital Formation: Evidence from emerging and developing countries.Explain the relationship between economic freedom and security of Capital Formation: Evidence from emerging and developing countries.2452631125FAKarimRasuliAsdollahFarzinvashJournal Article20141019The study sought to explain the relationship between economic security, economic freedom on capital formation in the economy of developing countries and emerging countries.<br />The results show that economic security and economic freedom a significant effect on capital formation in the economy of developing countries and emerging countries.<br /> Moreover, the difference observed between the two groups of countries studied, the influence of these variables on the process of capital formation in the economy.<br />Security and economic stability in emerging countries with economic freedom and economic growth, in addition to variable interest rates, and bring Tasyrmnadar capital formation in this country. However, in developing countries and significant qualitative variable economic security more important than economic freedom. This means that there is greater economic security and to address the impact of the changing economic freedom.The study sought to explain the relationship between economic security, economic freedom on capital formation in the economy of developing countries and emerging countries.<br />The results show that economic security and economic freedom a significant effect on capital formation in the economy of developing countries and emerging countries.<br /> Moreover, the difference observed between the two groups of countries studied, the influence of these variables on the process of capital formation in the economy.<br />Security and economic stability in emerging countries with economic freedom and economic growth, in addition to variable interest rates, and bring Tasyrmnadar capital formation in this country. However, in developing countries and significant qualitative variable economic security more important than economic freedom. This means that there is greater economic security and to address the impact of the changing economic freedom.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1125_c21002f464c5fc5bee3b98ced83963b8.pdfbu ali sina universityJournal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran2322-253041420150723Estimation Non-Linearity Effect of Rent Seeking Opportunities on Volume of Private Sector Bank Deposits in Iranian Economy: Using Markov-Switching ModelEstimation Non-Linearity Effect of Rent Seeking Opportunities on Volume of Private Sector Bank Deposits in Iranian Economy: Using Markov-Switching Model2652941126FAAliMehdilooHosseinSadeghiAbbasAsari0000-0002-4995-867XJournal Article20140531Investment is financed through deposits of individuals in banks that hence affect on trend of investment and production in society. The various factors influence private deposits in banks. This paper investigates the non-linearity effect of rent seeking opportunities on volume of deposits in Iranian economy during the period of (1350-1389). For this purpose, The trend of Rent-Seeking opportunities have been simulated by three input variable that include exchange rate, the ratio of building added value to GDP and the size of government using Fuzzy logic in first step. Then, in the second step nonlinearity relation is evaluated between Rent-Seeking (Fuzzy Output) and Private sector bank deposits using Markov-Switching model. Experimental results showed that rent-seeking has negative impact on bank deposits in first regime and these have not relation in second and third regime. In first regime Rent-Seeking by -0/21 factor has most negative impact on Rent-Seeking. In fact, rent seeking opportunities motivate individuals that shift their deposits from formal market to informal market in order to more profits.Investment is financed through deposits of individuals in banks that hence affect on trend of investment and production in society. The various factors influence private deposits in banks. This paper investigates the non-linearity effect of rent seeking opportunities on volume of deposits in Iranian economy during the period of (1350-1389). For this purpose, The trend of Rent-Seeking opportunities have been simulated by three input variable that include exchange rate, the ratio of building added value to GDP and the size of government using Fuzzy logic in first step. Then, in the second step nonlinearity relation is evaluated between Rent-Seeking (Fuzzy Output) and Private sector bank deposits using Markov-Switching model. Experimental results showed that rent-seeking has negative impact on bank deposits in first regime and these have not relation in second and third regime. In first regime Rent-Seeking by -0/21 factor has most negative impact on Rent-Seeking. In fact, rent seeking opportunities motivate individuals that shift their deposits from formal market to informal market in order to more profits.https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1126_ffeed84c7cb1ae7bf4ec4bd78275bb98.pdf